Bitcoin 2018

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Because this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time, and the hours of 5 a. GMT are midnight to 6 a. Other clues suggested that Nakamoto was British: A newspaper headline he had encoded in the genesis block came from the UK-published newspaper The Times , and both his forum posts and his comments in the bitcoin source code used British English spellings, such as "optimise" and "colour".

An Internet search by an anonymous blogger of texts similar in writing to the bitcoin whitepaper suggests Nick Szabo 's "bit gold" articles as having a similar author. Her methods and conclusion drew widespread criticism. After a May YouTube documentary pointed to Adam Back as the creator of bitcoin, [40] widespread discussion ensued. The real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto still remains a matter of dispute.

The first retail transaction involving physical goods was paid on May 22, , by exchanging 10, mined BTC for two pizzas delivered from a local pizza restaurant in Florida, marking May 22 as the Bitcoin Pizza Day for crypto-fans. On 6 August , a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Within hours, the transaction was spotted, the bug was fixed, and the blockchain was forked by miners using an updated version of the bitcoin protocol.

This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history. Based on bitcoin's open-source code, other cryptocurrencies started to emerge. The Electronic Frontier Foundation , a non-profit group, started accepting bitcoins in January , [46] then stopped accepting them in June , citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems.

In June , WikiLeaks [49] and other organizations began to accept bitcoins for donations. In January , bitcoin was featured as the main subject within a fictionalized trial on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife in the third-season episode " Bitcoin for Dummies ". The host of CNBC 's Mad Money , Jim Cramer , played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn't consider bitcoin a true currency, saying, "There's no central bank to regulate it; it's digital and functions completely peer to peer".

In September , the Bitcoin Foundation was launched to "accelerate the global growth of bitcoin through standardization, protection, and promotion of the open source protocol". In October , BitPay reported having over 1, merchants accepting bitcoin under its payment processing service.

In March, the bitcoin transaction log, called the blockchain, temporarily split into two independent chains with differing rules on how transactions were accepted. For six hours two bitcoin networks operated at the same time, each with its own version of the transaction history. The core developers called for a temporary halt to transactions, sparking a sharp sell-off. In April, payment processors BitInstant and Mt. On 15 May , the US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. On 17 May , it was reported that BitInstant processed approximately 30 percent of the money going into and out of bitcoin, and in April alone facilitated 30, transactions, [68].

In July , a project began in Kenya linking bitcoin with M-Pesa , a popular mobile payments system, in an experiment designed to spur innovative payments in Africa. On 6 August , Federal Judge Amos Mazzant of the Eastern District of Texas of the Fifth Circuit ruled that bitcoins are "a currency or a form of money" specifically securities as defined by Federal Securities Laws , and as such were subject to the court's jurisdiction, [75] [76] and Germany's Finance Ministry subsumed bitcoins under the term "unit of account" — a financial instrument — though not as e-money or a functional currency, a classification nonetheless having legal and tax implications.

In November , the University of Nicosia announced that it would be accepting bitcoin as payment for tuition fees, with the university's chief financial officer calling it the "gold of tomorrow". Gox and the Europe-based Bitstamp to become the largest bitcoin trading exchange by trade volume. In December , Overstock.

On 5 December , the People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoins. On 4 December , Alan Greenspan referred to it as a "bubble". In January , Zynga [93] announced it was testing bitcoin for purchasing in-game assets in seven of its games.

The article also stated the currency would be accepted in five locations, including the front desk and certain restaurants. TigerDirect [95] and Overstock. In early February , one of the largest bitcoin exchanges, Mt. Gox , [97] suspended withdrawals citing technical issues. Gox had filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan amid reports that , bitcoins had been stolen.

Gox had waned as users experienced difficulties withdrawing funds. Petersburg Bowl under a two-year deal, renamed the Bitcoin St. Petersburg Bowl. Bitcoin was to be accepted for ticket and concession sales at the game as part of the sponsorship, and the sponsorship itself was also paid for using bitcoin. In July Newegg and Dell [] started accepting bitcoin. In December Microsoft began to accept bitcoin to buy Xbox games and Windows software. In , several light-hearted songs celebrating bitcoin such as the "Ode to Satoshi" [] have been released.

A documentary film, The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin , was released in , featuring interviews with bitcoin users, such as a computer programmer and a drug dealer. On 13 March Warren Buffett called bitcoin a "mirage". Less than one year after the collapse of Mt. Bitstamp resumed trading on 9 January after increasing security measures and assuring customers that their account balances would not be impacted.

In February , the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded , In the MAK Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna became the first museum to acquire art using bitcoin, when it purchased the screensaver "Event listeners" [] of van den Dorpel. In October , a proposal was submitted to the Unicode Consortium to add a code point for the bitcoin symbol. In March , the Cabinet of Japan recognized virtual currencies like bitcoin as having a function similar to real money.

In July , researchers published a paper showing that by November bitcoin commerce was no longer driven by "sin" activities but instead by legitimate enterprises. In November , the Swiss Railway operator SBB CFF upgraded all their automated ticket machines so that bitcoin could be bought from them using the scanner on the ticket machine to scan the bitcoin address on a phone app.

Bitcoin generates more academic interest year after year; the number of Google Scholar articles published mentioning bitcoin grew from 83 in , to in , and in Also, the academic journal Ledger published its first issue. It is edited by Peter Rizun. The number of businesses accepting bitcoin continued to increase. In January , NHK reported the number of online stores accepting bitcoin in Japan had increased 4. Bitcoin gains more legitimacy among lawmakers and legacy financial companies.

For example, Japan passed a law to accept bitcoin as a legal payment method, [] and Russia has announced that it will legalize the use of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Exchange trading volumes continue to increase. In June , the bitcoin symbol was encoded in Unicode version Up until July , bitcoin users maintained a common set of rules for the cryptocurrency. The split has been called the Bitcoin Cash hard fork. On 6 December the software marketplace Steam announced that it would no longer accept bitcoin as payment for its products, citing slow transactions speeds, price volatility, and high fees for transactions.

On 22 January , South Korea brought in a regulation that requires all the bitcoin traders to reveal their identity, thus putting a ban on anonymous trading of bitcoins. On 24 January , the online payment firm Stripe announced that it would phase out its support for bitcoin payments by late April , citing declining demand, rising fees and longer transaction times as the reasons. On 25 January George Soros referred to bitcoin as a bubble.

In October , PayPal announced that it would allow its users to buy and sell bitcoin on its platform, although not to deposit or withdraw bitcoins. From February the Swiss canton of Zug allows for tax payments in bitcoin and other crypto currencies []. On 1 June , El Salvador President, Nayib Bukele announced his plans to adopt bitcoin as legal tender , this would render El Salvador the world's first country to do so.

On 8 June , at the initiative of the president, pro-government deputies in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted legislation— Ley Bitcoin or the Bitcoin Law —to make Bitcoin legal tender in the country alongside the US Dollar. Among the factors which may have contributed to this rise were the European sovereign-debt crisis — particularly the — Cypriot financial crisis — statements by FinCEN improving the currency's legal standing, and rising media and Internet interest.

A fork referring to a blockchain is defined variously as a blockchain split into two paths forward, or as a change of protocol rules. Accidental forks on the bitcoin network regularly occur as part of the mining process. They happen when two miners find a block at a similar point in time. As a result, the network briefly forks. This fork is subsequently resolved by the software which automatically chooses the longest chain, thereby orphaning the extra blocks added to the shorter chain that were dropped by the longer chain.

On 12 March , a bitcoin miner running version 0. This created a split or "fork" in the blockchain since computers with the recent version of the software accepted the invalid block and continued to build on the diverging chain, whereas older versions of the software rejected it and continued extending the blockchain without the offending block. This split resulted in two separate transaction logs being formed without clear consensus, which allowed for the same funds to be spent differently on each chain.

In response, the Mt. Gox exchange temporarily halted bitcoin deposits. Miners resolved the split by downgrading to version 0. User funds largely remained unaffected and were available when network consensus was restored. Two significant forks took place in August.

One, Bitcoin Cash , is a hard fork off the main chain in opposition to the other, which is a soft fork to implement Segregated Witness. Additionally, FinCEN claimed regulation over American entities that manage bitcoins in a payment processor setting or as an exchanger: "In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency.

In summary, FinCEN's decision would require bitcoin exchanges where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies to disclose large transactions and suspicious activity, comply with money laundering regulations, and collect information about their customers as traditional financial institutions are required to do.

Basic money-services business rules apply here. In its October study, Virtual currency schemes , the European Central Bank concluded that the growth of virtual currencies will continue, and, given the currencies' inherent price instability, lack of close regulation, and risk of illegal uses by anonymous users, the Bank warned that periodic examination of developments would be necessary to reassess risks.

In , the U. Treasury extended its anti-money laundering regulations to processors of bitcoin transactions. In June , Bitcoin Foundation board member Jon Matonis wrote in Forbes that he received a warning letter from the California Department of Financial Institutions accusing the foundation of unlicensed money transmission.

Matonis denied that the foundation is engaged in money transmission and said he viewed the case as "an opportunity to educate state regulators. In late July , the industry group Committee for the Establishment of the Digital Asset Transfer Authority began to form to set best practices and standards, to work with regulators and policymakers to adapt existing currency requirements to digital currency technology and business models and develop risk management standards.

Securities and Exchange Commission filed an administrative action against Erik T. Voorhees, for violating Securities Act Section 5 for publicly offering unregistered interests in two bitcoin websites in exchange for bitcoins. There are also faucets that dispense alternative cryptocurrencies. The first bitcoin faucet was called "The Bitcoin Faucet" and was developed by Gavin Andresen in Faucets usually give fractions of a bitcoin, but the amount will typically fluctuate according to the value of bitcoin.

Some faucets also have random larger rewards. To reduce mining fees , faucets normally save up these small individual payments in their own ledgers , which then add up to make a larger payment that is sent to a user's bitcoin address. Because bitcoin transactions are irreversible and there are many faucets, they have become targets for hackers interested in stealing bitcoins. Advertisements are the main income source of bitcoin faucets.

Faucets try to get traffic from users by offering free bitcoin as an incentive. Some ad networks also pay directly in bitcoin. This means that faucets often have a low profit margin. Some faucets also make money by mining altcoin in the background, using the user's CPU. Bitcoins can be stored in a bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet.

Theft of bitcoin has been documented on numerous occasions. At other times, bitcoin exchanges have shut down, taking their clients' bitcoins with them. A Wired study published April showed that 45 percent of bitcoin exchanges end up closing. On 19 June , a security breach of the Mt. Gox bitcoin exchange caused the nominal price of a bitcoin to fraudulently drop to one cent on the Mt.

Gox exchange, after a hacker used credentials from a Mt. Gox auditor's compromised computer illegally to transfer a large number of bitcoins to himself. They used the exchange's software to sell them all nominally, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes, the price reverted to its correct user-traded value. In July , the operator of Bitomat, the third-largest bitcoin exchange, announced that he had lost access to his wallet.

He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in , which led to allegations that the venue neglected the safety of customers' money and cheated them out of withdrawal requests.

Securities and Exchange Commission had reportedly started an investigation on the case. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations. As a result, Instawallet suspended operations. On 11 August , the Bitcoin Foundation announced that a bug in a pseudorandom number generator within the Android operating system had been exploited to steal from wallets generated by Android apps; fixes were provided 13 August In October , Inputs.

The service was run by the operator TradeFortress. Coinchat, the associated bitcoin chat room, was taken over by a new admin. The CEO was eventually arrested and charged with embezzlement. On 3 March , Flexcoin announced it was closing its doors because of a hack attack that took place the day before.

In December , hackers stole 4, bitcoins from NiceHash a platform that allowed users to sell hashing power. On 19 December , Yapian, a company that owns the Youbit cryptocurrency exchange in South Korea, filed for bankruptcy following a hack, the second in eight months.

In , the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group CLAG stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has experienced a " realization event": when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided.

In August , the German Finance Ministry characterized bitcoin as a unit of account , [77] [] usable in multilateral clearing circles and subject to capital gains tax if held less than one year. On 5 December , the People's Bank of China announced in a press release regarding bitcoin regulation that whilst individuals in China are permitted to freely trade and exchange bitcoins as a commodity, it is prohibited for Chinese financial banks to operate using bitcoins or for bitcoins to be used as legal tender currency, and that entities dealing with bitcoins must track and report suspicious activity to prevent money laundering.

Bitcoin's blockchain can be loaded with arbitrary data. In researchers from RWTH Aachen University and Goethe University identified 1, files added to the blockchain, 59 of which included links to unlawful images of child exploitation, politically sensitive content, or privacy violations. Interpol also sent out an alert in saying that "the design of the blockchain means there is the possibility of malware being injected and permanently hosted with no methods currently available to wipe this data".

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. History of Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency. Main article: Satoshi Nakamoto. See also: Bitcoin scalability problem and List of bitcoin forks. See also: Legality of bitcoin by country or territory. Mercatus Center. George Mason University. Retrieved 22 October Accessed 8 January Advances in Cryptology Proceedings of Crypto.

ISBN Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Retrieved 17 September Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 5 December Archived from the original on 22 September Retrieved 24 June Archived from the original on 22 December Archived from the original on 15 June Retrieved 15 June Retrieved 20 December Retrieved 9 November Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 13 October Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 2 November Retrieved 26 March Archived from the original on 15 October The New Yorker.

Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 16 February The Times. Retrieved 27 April Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 20 January Archived from the original on 26 March Archived from the original on 16 March Here's how he describes it". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September Service is Online.

Retrieved 8 February The Huffington Post. Retrieved 21 October December Archived from the original on 13 April Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 19 May Archived from the original on 6 October The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 November Archived from the original on 14 April The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 27 November Business Week. Retrieved 17 December Archived from the original on 29 April Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 6 March Retrieved 3 April London Review of Books.

Retrieved 3 March Archived from the original on 9 April National Vulnerability Database. Retrieved 22 March Retrieved 15 October Retrieved 4 October The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 June Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 7 December Archived from the original on 27 June Retrieved 22 June Archived from the original on 12 January American Banker. Archived from the original on 12 April Retrieved 24 April Parity News.

Archived from the original on 3 June Retrieved 28 February Retrieved 15 February Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 22 April It feels like a bubble. We also began to see a robust supply response. Bubbles are complex dynamics. What they all have in common, however, is they require emotion to truly go parabolic.

Moreover, the less we understand the object of the bubble, the greater the scope for greed and FOMO to fill in the blanks. His views were especially prescient. He told Bloomberg this month that he made a profit twice due to this canny call.

Gox was the go-to service for handling transactions. But it was still early enough for people to believe that the blockchain system was still getting all the technical kinks out. This, once again, sent shockwaves through the community—but also had the unfortunate impact of normalizing these types of hacks for some people.

At the end of and beginning of , more people—especially those in the mainstream finance world—were paying attention to bitcoin and cryptocurrency trading. This happened right around the time that bitcoin slipped from its peak value, and it certainly seemed to accelerate its drop.

According to Stephen Innes, the head of Asian trading for the foreign exchange Oanda, hacks were the first element to have a chilling effect on crypto. Over the course of a few months, China, Japan, and South Korea all announced different measures to better regulate crypto-trading. The world was watching to see if this new technology would hit the mainstream—and government crackdowns following gigantic hacks helped poison the public perception.

Beyond the clampdown by some governments, what bitcoin really needed to achieve sustained success was overall mainstream acceptance. While some financial institutions announced projects exploring blockchain-based solutions, many others balked. JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon, for instance, made multiple comments throughout the year expressing his general antipathy for cryptocurrency. One theory that the U.

Justice Department is reportedly looking into is that the digital coin Tether which is supposedly pegged to the U. This theory stems from an academic paper , which cast Tether in a very damning light. And it also led many to believe that the initial bitcoin craze was manufactured and destined to bust.

This would be a path for more mainstream people in finance to dabble with blockchain; it would allow investors to dip their toes in bitcoin without owning the actual asset. Not only that, but it would make bitcoin available on the most prominent financial markets. The U. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC , however, has yet to allow such a fund to exist—mostly because it is unable to monitor crypto-transactions in order to avoid market manipulation.

The inability to get SEC approval really held back bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general. Blockchains are decentralized, and democratic systems require buy-in from participants in order to keep the engines running. In , this became apparent with the DAO hack. But DAO users had to agree to this change, and there were dissenters. Though the hard fork was approved, it created two active blockchains with two different sets of rules.

Ultimately, this hack—coupled with the inability to deal with it—caused the DAO to end in This year we saw a similar fight break out—this time over bitcoin cash. This coin, mind you, is not bitcoin, though it is built on the same architecture. It was created by a group of miners who disagreed with some of the fundamentals of the initial bitcoin system, and so they forked a new blockchain and went their own way.

In terms of market capitalization, bitcoin cash has always been one of the top cryptocurrencies—in the ranks of Ethereum and XRP. This past autumn, the bitcoin cash community—which was created due to a technical disagreement with the larger bitcoin sector—started a civil war.

Essentially, bitcoin cash developers had diverging views on the software update for the system, and so they decided to implement another hard fork. This created two new bitcoin cash sects. Internally, the fork caused a lot of strife; one of the most popular bitcoin alternatives was unable to reach a consensus, and instead had to create two different paths that would essentially go to war with each other.

When the hard fork arrived—and participants had to choose which path to take—the entire cryptocurrency market dropped. What was a hot commodity has turned into a hot potato nobody wants to touch.

Advise you btc volume over time consider, that

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He made wrong forecasts after the scandalous prediction. John also gave unfulfilled predictions regarding some other cryptocurrencies, including Golem. The only question what will he do if he will wrong in this case? Will he eat his male organ? What about current forecasts by Novogratz? In November , he advised to wait until next year in an interview with Bloomberg.

Otherwise speaking, he stopped price forecasting. In February , Lee just said that he expected betterment of the situation of the crypto, avoiding precise numbers but referring to several potential price catalyzers. In the summer of , Charlie Lee, Litecoin founder, gave a valuable advice to investors. Lee asked that this should happen in the upcoming three years. Perhaps this is one of the most objective experts, whose opinion, as a rule, corresponds to the real state of affairs.

There are both bulls and bears amongst crypto experts. You know, Bitcoin was buried hundreds of times. Despite demonizing predictions, it survived and, moreover, become the most profitable asset in the world. His point of view might be the case. However, now there is no tightening of state regulation that could lead to the deterioration of Bitcoin condition. Bitcoin seems to be the most researched cryptocurrency.

Many scientists have tried to understand its nature. Scientists D. Peetz and G. They wrote that it reached bubble territory and would ultimately correct. However, they believed that BTC the bubble could become even bigger in the intermediate term due to the market financialization. As we see, the scientists were definitely right, unfortunately. This is an interesting thought. However, BTC is hardly to be hacked. Some time is needed to make the forecasting discussion more informed.

Moreover, several years are needed for firm establishment of the technology. Also, the scientist raises the question regarding the fact that Bitcoin can be replaced by another, more advanced cryptocurrency or by its current competitors, during this time. Today, BTC pricing is not as speculative as it used to be earlier. This means that the Bitcoin price growth will slow down significantly.

However, periodic market recessions will be followed by growth. The exact date of Fidelity Digital Assets launch is now known. This should happen in the first half of This event may be a powerful driver for cryptocurrency market grow within this year. Fidelity Investments is considered the fifth largest asset manager in the world, offering investment and custody services to 13, consulting firms and brokers.

The new division was called Fidelity Digital Assets. Its services will include the platform for the cryptocurrency trade, consulting services, and physical storage of cryptoassets. BAKKT is a platform that will allow users and institutional investors to buy, sell and store digital assets in the global ecosystem. Well-known project partners were announced, including Microsoft Technology Corporation and Starbucks international coffeehouse chain. As of January, the platform was only forming their stuff.

The launch is expected to be happened in summer this year. Later the applicants resubmitted it to the SEC, but the process of its considering will probably take a long time. There is an opinion that Bitcoin price surges are mostly associated with block reward halving, not with adoption of cryptocurrencies, entering institutional investors, and other factors. Halving events in Bitcoin history in and occurred before major price surges.

To prevent the risks in functioning of the network, mining should continue to be financially attractive. The price increase will provide miners with sufficient reward. There is even a website representing Bitcoin block reward halving countdown bitcoinblockhalf.

This is also a sign of that some people are highly expecting this date. Bitcoin price since to Bitcoin price charts. Prior to the release of bitcoin there were a number of digital cash technologies starting with the issuer based ecash protocols of David Chaum and Stefan Brands. Adam Back developed hashcash, a proof-of-work scheme for spam control. The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity based cryptocurrencies were Wei Dai 's b-money and Nick Szabo's bit gold.

In the bit gold proposal which proposed a collectible market based mechanism for inflation control, Nick Szabo also investigated some additional enabling aspects including a Byzantine fault-tolerant asset registry to store and transfer the chained proof-of-work solutions. The possibility that Satoshi Nakamoto was a computer collective in the European financial sector has also been discussed.

On the 9th of November, the Bitcoin project was registered at the open-source-projects community resource, SourceForge. In January , the bitcoin network came into existence with the release of the first open source bitcoin client and the issuance of the first bitcoins, with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the first block of bitcoins ever known as the genesis block , which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.

Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text:. One of the first supporters, adopters, contributor to bitcoin and receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was programmer Hal Finney. Finney downloaded the bitcoin software the day it was released, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world's first bitcoin transaction. Other early supporters were Wei Dai, creator of bitcoin predecessor b-money , and Nick Szabo, creator of bitcoin predecessor bit gold.

Before disappearing from any involvement in bitcoin, Nakamoto in a sense handed over the reins to developer Gavin Andresen, who then became the bitcoin lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation, the 'anarchic' bitcoin community's closest thing to an official public face. How much was bitcoin worth in ? It is one of the most popular questions about the history Bitcoin.

The value of the first bitcoin transactions were negotiated by individuals on the bitcoin forum with one notable transaction of 10, BTC used to indirectly purchase two pizzas delivered by Papa John's. This was the only major security flaw found and exploited in bitcoin's history.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a non-profit group, started accepting bitcoins in January , then stopped accepting them in June , citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems. The EFF's decision was reversed on 17 May when they resumed accepting bitcoin. In January , bitcoin was featured as the main subject within a fictionalized trial on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife in the third-season episode "Bitcoin for Dummies". The host of CNBC's Mad Money , Jim Cramer, played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn't consider bitcoin a true currency, saying "There's no central bank to regulate it; it's digital and functions completely peer to peer".

A documentary film, The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin , was released in , featuring interviews with bitcoin users, such as a computer programmer and a drug dealer. In , several lighthearted songs celebrating bitcoin such as the Ode to Satoshi have been released. The history and future of Bitcoin generates more academic interest year after year; the number of Google Scholar articles published mentioning bitcoin grew from 83 in , to in , and to in Also, the academic Ledger Journal published its first issue.

It is edited by Peter Rizun. Through out the time, the number of businesses accepting bitcoin continues to increase. In January , NHK reported the number of online stores accepting bitcoin in Japan had increased 4. Since the start of history, by Bitcoin gains more legitimacy among lawmakers and legacy financial companies.

For example, Japan passed a law to accept bitcoin as a legal payment method, and Russia has announced that it will legalize the use of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Exchange trading volumes continue to increase. Many sold the cryptocurrency while they could, and the price has been steadily dropping all year.

Among the factors which may have contributed to this rise were the European sovereign-debt crisis—particularly the — Cypriot financial crisis—statements by FinCEN improving the currency's legal standing and rising media and Internet interest. Additionally, FinCEN claimed regulation over American entities that manage bitcoins in a payment processor setting or as an exchanger: "In addition, a person is an exchanger and a money transmitter if the person accepts such de-centralized convertible virtual currency from one person and transmits it to another person as part of the acceptance and transfer of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency.

In summary, FinCEN's decision would require bitcoin exchanges where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies to disclose large transactions and suspicious activity, comply with money laundering regulations, and collect information about their customers as traditional financial institutions are required to do. Basic money-services business rules apply here.

In , the U. Treasury extended its anti- money laundering regulations to processors of bitcoin transactions. In June , Bitcoin Foundation board member Jon Matonis wrote in Forbes that he received a warning letter from the California Department of Financial Institutions accusing the foundation of unlicensed money transmission. Matonis denied that the foundation is engaged in money transmission and said he viewed the case as "an opportunity to educate state regulators.

In late July , the industry group Committee for the Establishment of the Digital Asset Transfer Authority began to form to set best practices and standards, to work with regulators and policymakers to adapt existing currency requirements to digital currency technology and business models and develop risk management standards.

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Faucets try to get traffic from users by offering free bitcoin as an incentive. Some ad networks also pay directly in bitcoin. This means that faucets often have a low profit margin. Some faucets also make money by mining altcoin in the background, using the user's CPU. Bitcoins can be stored in a bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet.

Theft of bitcoin has been documented on numerous occasions. At other times, bitcoin exchanges have shut down, taking their clients' bitcoins with them. A Wired study published April showed that 45 percent of bitcoin exchanges end up closing. On 19 June , a security breach of the Mt. Gox bitcoin exchange caused the nominal price of a bitcoin to fraudulently drop to one cent on the Mt. Gox exchange, after a hacker used credentials from a Mt. Gox auditor's compromised computer illegally to transfer a large number of bitcoins to himself.

They used the exchange's software to sell them all nominally, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes, the price reverted to its correct user-traded value. In July , the operator of Bitomat, the third-largest bitcoin exchange, announced that he had lost access to his wallet.

He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in , which led to allegations that the venue neglected the safety of customers' money and cheated them out of withdrawal requests.

Securities and Exchange Commission had reportedly started an investigation on the case. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations. As a result, Instawallet suspended operations. On 11 August , the Bitcoin Foundation announced that a bug in a pseudorandom number generator within the Android operating system had been exploited to steal from wallets generated by Android apps; fixes were provided 13 August In October , Inputs.

The service was run by the operator TradeFortress. Coinchat, the associated bitcoin chat room, was taken over by a new admin. The CEO was eventually arrested and charged with embezzlement. On 3 March , Flexcoin announced it was closing its doors because of a hack attack that took place the day before. In December , hackers stole 4, bitcoins from NiceHash a platform that allowed users to sell hashing power. On 19 December , Yapian, a company that owns the Youbit cryptocurrency exchange in South Korea, filed for bankruptcy following a hack, the second in eight months.

In , the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group CLAG stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has experienced a " realization event": when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided.

In August , the German Finance Ministry characterized bitcoin as a unit of account , [77] [] usable in multilateral clearing circles and subject to capital gains tax if held less than one year. On 5 December , the People's Bank of China announced in a press release regarding bitcoin regulation that whilst individuals in China are permitted to freely trade and exchange bitcoins as a commodity, it is prohibited for Chinese financial banks to operate using bitcoins or for bitcoins to be used as legal tender currency, and that entities dealing with bitcoins must track and report suspicious activity to prevent money laundering.

Bitcoin's blockchain can be loaded with arbitrary data. In researchers from RWTH Aachen University and Goethe University identified 1, files added to the blockchain, 59 of which included links to unlawful images of child exploitation, politically sensitive content, or privacy violations. Interpol also sent out an alert in saying that "the design of the blockchain means there is the possibility of malware being injected and permanently hosted with no methods currently available to wipe this data".

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. History of Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency. Main article: Satoshi Nakamoto. See also: Bitcoin scalability problem and List of bitcoin forks. See also: Legality of bitcoin by country or territory. Mercatus Center. George Mason University. Retrieved 22 October Accessed 8 January Advances in Cryptology Proceedings of Crypto. ISBN Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Retrieved 17 September Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 5 December Archived from the original on 22 September Retrieved 24 June Archived from the original on 22 December Archived from the original on 15 June Retrieved 15 June Retrieved 20 December Retrieved 9 November Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 13 October Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 2 November Retrieved 26 March Archived from the original on 15 October The New Yorker.

Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 16 February The Times. Retrieved 27 April Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 20 January Archived from the original on 26 March Archived from the original on 16 March Here's how he describes it".

The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September Service is Online. Retrieved 8 February The Huffington Post. Retrieved 21 October December Archived from the original on 13 April Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 19 May Archived from the original on 6 October The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 November Archived from the original on 14 April The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 27 November Business Week.

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Bitcoin termed Crypto — Other crypto? Well likely to have the same effect in the end: Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites, Cryptosporidium, that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal. The disturbing thing about cryptocurrencies is the fact that a large part of their value comes from the demand for the currency and the problem is that because it can easily be transmitted over the internet from country to country a large part of the demand has come from criminal elements wishing to avoid state controls over large transfers of cash.

It has become the go-to currency for those dealing in illicit items such as drugs, modern slavery, and illegal weapons sales. Some have pointed to North Korea as a sponsor and possible source of a lot of ransomware trojan software that demands payment in cryptocurrency. Why not just start investing your money directly in companies that poison the environment and manufacture weapons, as that would actually be better than investing in cryptocurrencies.

Classic fear porn from the free market Bolscheviks. USD or P2P? Well, if one is stablised by nuclear submarines. Seems the biggest danger of bitcoin is pissing off the puppet masters with codes for the red buttons…. But on the peaceful side of reality. The Russians haved developed crypto tokens for buying organic food. Malaysians are using tokens to trade carbon emissions and Australians are cutting out middlemen with p2p electricity, which will hopefully be coming soon to NZ.

Why would the lustre come off a currency that grants p2p electicity trading? Why not be positive about a turning tide, away from violent repression? The capital drift to the oligarchy was a passing phase. Alternative currencies are a logical and peaceful mechanism to rebalance. And I keep saying. Ironically this is equivalent to a bastardized Fed, whom Bitcoiner libertarians profess to hate. It behaves like an asset in a cornered market, not money.

The rampant copycat coins exist solely to fleece people. As in they are created by people who saw the Ponzi-like allocation of initial Bitcoins and thought that was a great idea. Share this: Twitter Facebook Related. Bitcoin Written By: advantage - Date published: am, January 6th, - comments Categories: business , capitalism , economy , Economy , tax - Tags: bitcoin Are we supposed to be worried about Bitcoin and its comparators?

What is the taxi driver saying on it? If it continues to inflate with no global regulation, will there be a crash? So should we worry about Bitcoin, Atrium, and the rest? Our own Reserve Bank did not see it as a risk worth regulating in November However a month later it was sounding warnings.

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Why trust in the media is declining. Go well Ashley Bloomfield. Is Act buying social media followers? Greens call for rent freeze. Water and Money. Last chance to see or finally acting as if our lives depend on it? Change nothing. Why in the middle of a pandemic an immediate change to Orange is magical thinking. Climate Action Mondays: slow fashion. National still has a culture problem.

Will John Key stand for National in Tauranga. Kia kaha Louisa Wall. The Natives are Getting Uppity. Climate Action Mondays Tuesday. Should We Just Settle? Covid and political capital. Five Eyes Joins Morning Report. Can This Government Be Saved? The Peace Settlement Must Start. Government announces significant changes to traffic light settings and mandates. Luxon thinks helping poor people is Bottom Feeding.

Crisis, What Crisis? The right to protest Christchurch version. Feeds Party Government Media. Let's do it again, only not the bad part "Hard won experience" is another way of describing our collision of early enthusiasm and thoughtless habituation around fossil hydrocarbon fuels and— after a little over years— finally thinking it all through.

We can also be excused for our early ignorance Skeptical Science. The Independent Police Conduct authority has a report out today on an incident of corruption in the Police. But it glosses over the real story: that the police's I turned to it expectantly, imagining that the Herald was at last about to acknowledge the assault it repeatedly makes on the sensibilities of its readers and celebrating that I was Bryan Gould By Bryan Gould.

Today is a special member's morning, to deal with member's bills ahead of next month's budget. I n recent weeks, barely a day has gone by without Christopher Luxon demonstrating the chasm of ability that exists between the leaders of our two major political parties. When his latest gaffe on public transport funding was politely pointed out to him by a NZ Herald journalist, Luxon replied Gordon Campbell By lyndon.

New Zealand is now part of the war with Russia. And our independent foreign policy is virtually dead. Democracy Project By bryce. Democracy 1. The freemen of the army and navy who defended the independence of the city-state, reacting against the misrule of tyrants strong men and oligarchs rich men came up with the last ditch idea of Bowalley Road. This is a re-post from the Citizens' Climate Lobby Blog In the third installment of its Sixth Assessment Report the first two volumes covered climate change causes and impacts , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC has summarized the latest scientific research relating to climate change mitigation.

While the second volume released just over a month Graham Adams takes a look at the new Maori Health Authority and why its logic is flawed. This article is published on The Platform. Patrick Gower asserted recently on Newshub Nation Redline By Admin. The Jackal. Another day. Anyway, as of midnight tonight, the Traffic Light settings governing New A Phuulish Fellow By strda Nova Energy, owned by the Todd Corporation, Richard Jackson Newsroom : Extremist or freedom fighter?

There were 9, new covid cases today, and another 15 deaths. So naturally, the government is lowering the alert level to Orange which is basicly the old Green. The idea here is to return to "normal" to keep business happy. But 9, cases and 15 deaths a day isn't "normal". Having spent 20 years working overseas she expressed her shock at NZ is often cited as somewhere most likely to preserve a thriving society through a nuclear aftermath. Chris Luxon is a climate change denier.

He opposes every government policy which might reduce emissions. This morning, he proposed cutting public transport spending , without having thought of the emissions effect. At the same time, he purports to think that the government is "too conservative" on climate change : National The annual inventory report [PDF] of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions has been released, showing that emissions fell by 2.

So its not a permanent change. Still, 2. But then, the executive deliberately puts them in a position where they have no alternative, otherwise New Zealand is "going back on its word". The question of Going Down: The question to be answered, then, is a simple one. If the answer is greater than 81,, and Chloe Swarbrick fails to hold Auckland Central, then the This is a re-post from Yale Climate Connections In the just-released third installment of its Sixth Assessment Report the first two volumes covered climate change causes and impacts , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC summarizes the latest scientific research on efforts to mitigate climate change.

Written by authors from 65 countries, the new report Public Health Expert Blog. In this blog we explore the first Covid Omicron variant waves in Australia and Aotearoa I tend to be wrong about a lot, and such is the nature of things. But in one of those cases of a broken clock being right twice a day, I can report that one of my speculations about the Amazon series has proved to be on the money.

Below is a Twitter thread by RnaudBertrand looking at the relative economic strengths of the West vs China and Russia. French economist Jacques Sapir Today the government announced additional backend support for Ukraine - a Hercules and logistics staff to move stuff around Europe so it can be transferred over the border, as well as a donation to their weapons fund, and further funding for UNHCHR and the ICC for war crimes investigations.

This week, they've got more, about an Australian-run torture centre : During the widely celebrated peace-making mission in East Timor, Australian soldiers held 14 men and Scores are being settled at the moment, with Labour MP Louisa Wall going out in a blaze of media interviews to air the dirty laundry of her party. These surprising red-on-red attacks are going to be damaging for all sides.

If neither Labour nor National are willing to challenge the neoliberal status-quo, then they will have to find something else to fight about. It is tempting to S afe to say, not a single life will be saved in Ukraine if and when our Foreign Affairs select committee can ever make up its mind to summon Russian ambassador Georgii Zuev to appear before it.

Under the rules of diplomatic immunity of course, Zuev can simply choose to ignore In this blog we summarise our recent modelling work that suggests that the implementation of taxes Answering this deceptively simple question is becoming a challenge for Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and her foreign minister Nanaia Mahuta.

Democracy Project By Geoffrey Miller. His discussion goes beyond the campus and also looks at how the left has become elite in outlook. That part is reprinted here: The modern version of the Thanks to the organisers! I settled down to watch the Highlanders versus Moana Pacifika match this week in the expectation of seeing a good, competitive and skilful game of rugby and a welcome opportunity for the Pacifika team to demonstrate its skills. What I got was a clear and first win for the Highlanders, History books and policy changes such as for Three Waters and the media merger warn us ignoring economics is dangerous.

Pundit By Brian Easton. Over the weekend there was a constitutional crisis in Pakistan. Dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Imran Khan had led to a confidence vote, with a major coalition partner defecting immediately beforehand. So, to avoid losing, Khan alleged he was the victim of a US plot to oust him, had his stooge No wonder a US State Department analyst, The Vietnamese inhabitants of the village, between and of whom would be dead by nightfall, called it My Lai.

To get engaged, we need to know terms and conditions Given our acceptance of more or less representative, democratic governance as the political sine qua non of modern civilization, important decisions necessarily require intimate participation by the general public. This is accepted not only by healthily functioning politicians and bureaucracies, Its been a good week for workers rights in Aotearoa.

Secondly, the Fair Pay Agreements Bill passed its first reading and was sent to select committee. The first gives people an extra public holiday, which is always welcome. The Ombudsman has released a case note today on a request for polling data gathered by an IRD contractor. The contractor in question was Colmar Brunton, the polling data was highly controversial information on political leanings IRD had inappropriately asked the firm to collect.

Someone - presumably Stuff? Having evolved for millennia in the absence of mammals, most New Zealand animals never learned how to cope with the throngs of predatory mammals that accompanied us SciBlogs By Guest Author. Six O'Clock Stories: The journalism to which we are nightly subjected is not intended to supply information, it is intended to be affective — that is to say it is aimed almost exclusively at arousing our feelings.

The entire Western This is a re-post from Yale Climate Connections by Gary Yohe It is impossible to forecast how the war in Ukraine is going to end: current events are fast-moving. Given the inhumanity of it all, it is important to consider the resulting uncertainty and implications for the entire world. Uncertainty about Today is a member's day.

Is Putin a war criminal? Do the actions of the Russian military— the deliberate shooting of hundreds of civilians, the relentless shelling of residential neighbourhoods, the use of cluster At the time, I thought it was an example of the progress you get under Labour. From December next year they'll be required to report on their emissions, set gross emissions reduction targets consistent with a 1.

Was political corruption involved in the dishing out of millions of dollars by government ministers to tourism businesses? Was political favouritism involved in the dishing out of millions of dollars by government ministers to tourism businesses? Defending The Anglo-Saxon Lake: Clearly, it was too much to hope that Nanaia Mahuta might balk at this grotesque imperialist assignment.

In , the Labour-led government announced they were banning new offshore gas exploration. The ban was half-hearted at best, and immediately undermined by permit extensions and changes in conditions - a policy that has continued. But now they seem to have moved beyond sneaky extensions to explicitly voiding the ban, The Police, for instance, might be considering whether there is sufficient evidence that For most people, visualizing what a million of anything looks like is an impossible task.

And how An unusual thing happened on Friday, when the National Party proactively released public information about financial donations it had just received. And she had raised the Walk into the behind-the-scenes collection at any museum in Aotearoa New Zealand SciBlogs By Nic Rawlence.

The following articles sparked above average interest during the week bolded articles are from SkS authors : Anybody out there to help us re-animate the SkS iPhone App? The Big Question: Why? Much has been made of "why" Russian invaded Ukraine. Each of the small army of pundits have their own ideas and theories. But few - if any - have asked the Big Question: why have practically all the former Soviet bloc nations, plus several former Soviet Republics, rushed Frankly Speaking By Frank Macskasy.

Historical Flights of Fantasy For the Far Right, Putin's conservatism is a bulwark against the "woke liberalism" of the "decadent West". Leftwing commentators have also supported Putin's naked aggression for reasons that are often less than Unfortunately, the app could no longer be maintained by its creators and has therefore vanished from the app stores. All we could do, was to add short notices explaining After weeks of advocacy by Green MPs, Immigration New Zealand has given assurances that West Papuan students whose scholarships were cancelled by the Indonesian Government will not be deported - and that a team will now be formed to assess the future needs of the students.

Labour Blog. The Green Party has published an open letter to the Prime Minister calling for an immediate rent freeze and for that to remain in place until rent controls are made meaningful and permanent. Our Government is committed to a high-performing economy that delivers good jobs, decent work conditions and fair wages. Fair Pay Agreements are the next step in our plan to ensure that this is a reality for New Zealand. There are lots of reasons why Fair Pay Agreements are good for I was a child when the economic reforms of the s and s left many New Zealanders behind.

From today, the majority of New Zealand families, as well as many other households, will have more money in their pockets, thanks to a cost-of-living package designed to ease the pressure on low and middle income Kiwis. Drilling is about to get underway for one of the key options of the NZ Battery Project geotechnical feasibility investigations, in what has the potential to be the largest hydro project in New Zealand, Minister of Energy and Resources Megan Woods has announced.

Beehive By beehive. Legislation to support the safe operation of the courts during the COVID pandemic has passed its third reading in Parliament. It sustains our economy The Government had successfully assisted more than people to travel from Afghanistan to Aotearoa New Zealand since the Taliban takeover in August , as the taskforce set up to lead the mission comes to an end. Tourism Minister Stuart Nash has released two reports into cycle trails and cycle tourism.

The first report analyses the I have been advised that the New Zealand Nurses Organisation has decided not to put the historic pay-equity settlement to its members for a vote. The Nurses Organisation and the Public Service Association have been working with district health boards on this process since In December they reached a Latest annual food price figures released today confirm the need to rein in the super profits of the supermarket duopoly, Commerce and Consumer Affairs Minister David Clark said.

This is the Associate Education Minister Jan Tinetti has today launched a number of new resources to support wellbeing, and the teaching and learning of relationships and sexuality education RSE in schools and kura.

The aircraft left Whenuapai Air Base carrying nine of the strong team that is deploying to support its operations over the next Winter tourism is getting a lift from a Government decision to allow experienced workers to enter the country to support businesses operating ski fields and snow sports destinations. The Government has announced new immigration provisions for the ski sector that kick in just as New Zealand prepares to welcome Sixteen projects including a horticultural and food enterprise, Critical skills gaps in the primary sector are being eased with a decision that opens the door for 1, additional experienced workers to come to New Zealand for jobs in the dairy industry, meat processing, and forestry.

Exceptions are being made to usual immigration rules to deliver much needed help In just over two months Aotearoa New Zealand will, for the first time, officially commemorate Matariki with a public holiday. Justice Tahana has extensive experience in commercial, corporate including regulatory and competition law and litigation experience, along with considerable expertise in advising on matters Jane Forrest has worked in litigation in Wellington for over 25 years.

She was a partner in the firm Darroch The Government is taking steps to protect vulnerable workers, strengthen trade and champion human rights through new proposals released today. The conference jointly hosted by the Republic of Palau and the Last Saturday, the Transport Minister Michael Wood announced today that the Clean Car rebate scheme has exceeded expectations by already reaching 12, approved rebates.

The Clean Car Now he has comprehensively blown the first campaign week. But it does Evening Report By The Conversation. The long-serving MP Louisa Wall has fired a broadside at her own Labour Party as she leaves Parliament - using her valedictory speech to accuse the party president of leading a corrupt process.

Radio NZ — political. The answer to this question may seem obvious: of course it does! Just look at a calendar or a clock. But developments in physics suggest the non-existence of time Most of the cases have been in children Spurred on by their suffering during COVID and anger about economic inequality, environmental inaction and toxicity in federal parliament, You can However, not all students see streaming as beneficial.

My research , published in the journal Research Papers in Education, Billboards are suddenly plastered with party slogans, campaign ads are all around us, and our social media feeds are flaring up with political spin. Political advertising is a major feature of Analysis by Dr Bryce Edwards. Evening Report By Bryce Edwards. Scoop politics. Greenpeace is thrilled that Tuvalu has rescinded its support of deep sea mining saying it adds growing weight for a call to caution about the emerging industry and its potential for environmental destruction.

In a dramatic reversal, Tuvalu Foreign An end to the bloodshed and destruction of Ukraine can be negotiated, but such negotiations need to be As Kiwiblog tells us, the commission favours — An urban general ward — 48, people elect six councillors — 8, population per councillor.

Point of Order By Bob Edlin. Commenting on the release of the Environment Aotearoa report today, NZ The Russian ambassador can't be summoned to Parliament for questioning as he has diplomatic immunity, the Foreign Affairs Minister has told MPs. A View from Afar — In this podcast, political scientist Paul Buchanan and Selwyn Manning discuss how numerous countries have committed aid, intelligence expertise, military hardware and weapons to a multilateral effort in support of Ukraine.

What does this style of military diplomacy mean for the independent foreign policies Evening Report By Selwyn Manning. The launch Covid Response Minister Chris Hipkins is continuing to champion mask wearing, despite some requirements being loosened. The biggie in this bunch is the announcement regarding the Covid traffic lights — they have been turned to orange This means there are no Greenpeace says the latest State of the Environment report acknowledges that industrial dairy is driving environmental breakdown, but seems to have cut mention of the cancer and preterm birth risks of nitrate contaminated drinking water.

Greenpeace Senior From clothes to curtains, towels and sheets, fabrics are everywhere in our Official relations between The orthodox attempt by the Reserve Bank to control inflation by lifting the Official Cash Rate by 50 basis points will hurt beneficiaries, superannuitants, and the low paid with a double whammy effect as businesses recover their additional interest Hockey, treasurer in the Abbott government and former Australian ambassador to the United States, Today, the Below the Line podcast Analysis by Keith Rankin.

Chart by Keith Rankin. These charts show reported cases and deaths for the week ending 10 April. Evening Report By Keith Rankin. Opposition parties are pleased New Zealand will move to the orange traffic light tonight, but Labour's partner party is not so supportive.

Amongst the casualties were our iconic tree-dwelling koalas, with an estimated dead in New South Wales A View from Afar — In this podcast, political scientist Paul Buchanan and Selwyn Manning will discuss how numerous countries have committed aid, intelligence expertise, military hardware and weapons to a multilateral effort in support of Ukraine. What does this style of military diplomacy mean for the independent foreign It has just defaulted on its foreign debts for the first time The calm, confident visage of Covid Response Minister Chris Hipkins slipped into confusion and contrition over mask rules this afternoon.

The move from red to orange removes all gathering restrictions, with mask requirements Williams displayed her quality as Police Minister once more in Parliament this week as she faced questions on law and order. Not surprisingly her