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Celsius Network. Grayscale Investments. Lightning Labs. Luna Foundation Guard. Do Kwon. Elon Musk. Charles Hoskinson. Arthur Hayes. Janet Yellen. Jack Mallers. Michael Saylor. A user's stake is also used as a way to incentivise good validator behavior. For example, a user can lose a portion of their stake for things like going offline failing to validate or their entire stake for deliberate collusion.

Unlike proof-of-work, validators don't need to use significant amounts of computational power because they're selected at random and aren't competing. They don't need to mine blocks; they just need to create blocks when chosen and validate proposed blocks when they're not. This validation is known as attesting. You can think of attesting as saying "this block looks good to me.

If you attest to malicious blocks, you lose your stake. When Ethereum replaces proof-of-work with proof-of-stake, there will be the added complexity of shard chains. These are separate blockchains that will need validators to process transactions and create new blocks.

The plan is to have 64 shard chains, with each having a shared understanding of the state of the network. As a result, extra coordination is necessary and will be done by the beacon chain. The beacon chain receives state information from shards and makes it available for other shards, allowing the network to stay in sync.

The beacon chain will also manage the validators from registering their stake deposits to issuing their rewards and penalties. Here's how that process works. When you submit a transaction on a shard, a validator will be responsible for adding your transaction to a shard block. Validators are algorithmically chosen by the beacon chain to propose new blocks.

If a validator isn't chosen to propose a new shard block, they'll have to attest to another validator's proposal and confirm that everything looks as it should. It's the attestation that is recorded in the beacon chain rather than the transaction itself. At least validators are required to attest to each shard block — this is known as a "committee. The committee has a time-frame in which to propose and validate a shard block.

This is known as a "slot. This helps keep shards safe from committees of bad actors. Once a new shard block proposal has enough attestations, a "crosslink" is created which confirms the inclusion of the block and your transaction in the beacon chain. Once there's a crosslink, the validator who proposed the block gets their reward.

In distributed networks, a transaction has "finality" when it's part of a block that can't change. To do this in proof-of-stake, Casper, a finality protocol, gets validators to agree on the state of a block at certain checkpoints. Not only is this a lot of money, but it would probably cause ETH's value to drop.

There's very little incentive to destroy the value of a currency you have a majority stake in. There are stronger incentives to keep the network secure and healthy. Stake slashings, ejections, and other penalties, coordinated by the beacon chain, will exist to prevent other acts of bad behavior. Validators will also be responsible for flagging these incidents. If you're an expert on the topic and want to contribute, edit this page and sprinkle it with your wisdom.

You'll be credited and you'll be helping the Ethereum community! Use this flexible documentation template. Ask us in the content channel on our Discord server. Skip to main content. Help update this page. Translate page. See English.

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