Will ethereum fail

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Bitcoin Litecoin and Ethereum are crypto currencies and a worldwide payment system. When a contract wants to be driven by the shared car, the car uses up fuel, which you have to pay the driver for. How much gas money you owe depends on how far you had to be driven, and how much trash you left in the car. Gasoline actually burns inside an internal combustion engine; an internal combustion engine will not work without a combustible fuel.

Requiring every BuzzwordCoin transaction to also depend on ETH for fees creates substantial risk, third party dependency, and artificial downwards pressure on the price of the underlying token if one must sell BuzzwordCoin for ETH ahead of time to run a BuzzwordCoin transaction, then the sell-pressure will happen before the transaction requires it, and must be a larger sale than necessary to ensure sufficient funds to cover the transaction.

Paying for Gas in a non-ETH asset is sometimes referred to as economic abstraction in the Ethereum community. If the BuzzwordCoin contract has non-transactional contractual clauses — that is, a functionality that should be regularly called by any party for tasking like computing and updating cached statistics in the contract — we can specify that the miner performing those clauses receives coins from an inflation or shared gas pool.

A fee dispensing contract call performing the non-transactional clauses releases the fee to the miner this bears some semblance to Child Pays for Parent in the Bitcoin Ecosystem. There are four main counterarguments to economically abstracting Ethereum: the lack of software support for economic abstraction; difficulty in pricing many tokens; the existence of contracts not tied to tokens; and the need for ETH for Proof-of-Stake.

While nuanced, all four arguments fall flat. Detractors of economic abstraction notably, Vitalik Buterin argue that the added complexity is not worth the ecosystem gains. This argument is absurd. Market Pricing: To mine on Ethereum with economic abstraction, miners simply need software which allows them to account for discrepancies in their perceived value of active tokens and include transactions rationally on that basis.

Vlad Zamfir argues that the potential need to monitor market information on prices makes economic abstraction difficult. However, miners requiring pricing information is already the status quo — rational actors need a model of future ETH prices before mining or staking to maximize profit against electricity costs, hardware costs, and opportunity costs.

Non-Token Contracts: Not all contracts have coins, or if they do, they may not be widely recognized, valuable, and traded on exchanges. Can such contracts pay fees without ETH? Users of a tokenless contract can pay fees in whichever tokens they want. So, you are paying for that regardless of whether your transaction goes through.

If an approval or simple transaction failed, it is probably a gas issue. You avoid this by making sure you pay high enough gas fees upfront. However, you can also check current gas prices and put in a custom gas amount this can be smart if gas prices are rapidly increasing. For a single transaction or a batch of simple transactions like when you open a Maker Vault , this is basically all you need to know.

Solution : Try paying more gas upfront or adding more gas to the current transaction to speed it up. Customize gas in MetaMask to avoid failed transactions. You are executing multiple transactions at once, and the contract rejects the transaction. If you are on Uniswap or another DEX, you probably need to adjust slippage tolerance and not gas. If you are doing a single transaction, you probably have to adjust gas.

If you can adjust both, and especially if prices and gas fees are going wild, you may consider adjusting both gas and slippage to avoid failed transactions. Failed transactions are most likely to occur during periods of volatility, and each transaction that fails will cost sometimes a lot. TIP : This only applies when using web3 wallets, dexes, etc.

Matchless message, james ray ethereum not

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By timing how long the code took to execute, they now know whether garbage collection occured and therefore whether the simple or complex path was taken. Advanced timing attacks are very difficult to mitigate in any garbage-collection-based language. Most libraries where this matters will hopefully mitigate this for you as much as possible, but it is still good to be aware of. This is not specific to Ethereum, but is a useful technique to understand and has some implications on User Experience.

Many people are concerned that encrypting and decrypting an Ethereum wallet is quite slow and can take quite some time. It is important to understand this is intentional and provides much stronger security. The algorithm usually used for this process is scrypt , which is a memory and CPU intensive algorithm which computes a key fixed-length pseudo-random series of bytes for a given password.

The goal is to use as much CPU and memory as possible during this algorithm, so that a single computer can only compute a very small number of results for some fixed amount of time. To scale up an attack, the attacker requires additional computers, increasing the cost to brute-force attack to guess the password. For example, if a user knows their correct password, this process may take 10 seconds for them to unlock their own wallet and proceed.

But since an attacker does not know the password, they must guess; and each guess also requires 10 seconds. So, if they wish to try guessing 1 million passwords, their computer would be completely tied up for 10 million seconds, or around days.

Without using an algorithm like this, a user would be able to log in instantly, however, 1 million passwords would only take a few seconds to attempt. Even secure passwords would likely be broken within a short period of time. There is no way the algorithm can be faster for a legitimate user without also being faster for an attacker. Rather than reducing the security see below , a better practice is to make the user feel better about waiting.

The Ethers encryption and decryption API allows the developer to incorporate a progress bar, by passing in a progress callback which will be periodically called with a number between 0 and 1 indication percent completion. In general a progress bar makes the experience feel faster, as well as more comfortable since there is a clear indication how much relative time is remaining.

Additionally, using language like "decrypting There are ways to reduce the time required to decrypt an Ethereum JSON Wallet, but please keep in mind that doing so discards nearly all security on that wallet. The scrypt algorithm is designed to be tuned.

The main purpose of this is to increase the difficulty as time goes on and computers get faster, but it can also be tuned down in situations where the security is less important. Handling a change in the network e. Ropsten vs Mainnet is incredibly complex and a slight failure can at best make your application seem confusing and at worst cause the loss of funds, leak private data or misrepresent what an action performed. Luckily, standard users should likely never change their networks unless tricked to do so or they make a mistake.

This is a problem you mainly need to worry about for developers, and most developers should understand the vast array of issues surrounding a network change during application operation and will understand the page reloading which is already the default behaviour in many clients. So, the best practice when a network change occurs is to simply refresh the page. This should cause all your UI components to reset to a known-safe state, including any banners and warnings to your users if they are on an unsupported network.

The ethers library offers default API keys for each service, so that each Provider works out-of-the-box. These API keys are provided as a community resource by the backend services for low-traffic projects and for early prototyping. Since these API keys are shared by all users that have not acquired their own API key , they are aggressively throttled which means retries occur more frequently and the responses are slower.

It is highly recommended that you sign up for a free API key from each service for their free tier, which depending on the service includes many advantages:. Etherscan is an Ethereum block explorer, which is possibly the most useful developer tool for building and debugging Ethereum applications. They offer an extensive collection of API endpoints which provide all the operations required to interact with the Ethereum Blockchain. Sign up for a free API key on Alchemy. Sign up for a free API key on Pocket.

The default provider connects to multiple backends and verifies their results internally, making it simple to have a high level of trust in third-party services. It is highly recommended that you provide an API for each service, to maximize your applications performance. If the API key "-" is used, the corresponding Provider will be omitted.

A Provider is an abstraction of a connection to the Ethereum network, providing a concise, consistent interface to standard Ethereum node functionality. Most users should use the Default Provider. The default provider is the safest, easiest way to begin developing on Ethereum , and it is also robust enough for use in production.

It creates a FallbackProvider connected to as many backend services as possible. When a request is made, it is sent to multiple backends simultaneously. As responses from each backend are returned, they are checked that they agree. Once a quorum has been reached i. This ensures that if a backend has become out-of-sync, or if it has been compromised that its responses are dropped in favor of responses that match the majority.

Returns a new Provider, backed by multiple services, connected to network. If no network is provided, homestead i. It is highly recommended for production services to acquire and specify an API Key for each service. The default API Keys used by ethers are shared across all users, so services may throttle all services that are using the default API Keys during periods of load without realizing it.

Many services also have monitoring and usage metrics, which are only available if an API Key is specified. This allows tracking how many requests are being sent and which methods are being used the most. Some services also provide additional paid features, which are only available when specifying an API Key. There are several official common Ethereum networks as well as custom networks and other compatible projects. Any API that accept a Networkish can be passed a common name such as "mainnet" or "ropsten" or chain ID to use that network definition or may specify custom parameters.

Returns the full Network for the given standard aNetworkish Networkish. This is useful for functions and classes which wish to accept Networkish as an input parameter. One common reason to specify custom properties for a Network is to override the address of the root ENS registry, either on a common network to intercept the ENS Methods or to specify the ENS registry on a dev network on most dev networks you must deploy the ENS contracts manually.

If you are coming from Web3. The ethers library creates a strong division between the operation a Provider can perform and those of a Signer , which Web3. This separation of concerns and a stricted subset of Provider operations allows for a larger variety of backends, a more consistent API and ensures other libraries to operate without being able to rely on any underlying assumption.

Returns the contract code of address as of the blockTag block height. If there is no contract currently deployed, the result is 0x. Returns the Bytes32 value of the position pos at address addr , as of the blockTag. Returns the number of transactions address has ever sent , as of blockTag.

This value is required to be the nonce for the next transaction from address sent to the network. Get the block from the network, where the result. One of the most common uses for this is to use a simple name to refer to an Ethereum Address. In the ethers API, nearly anywhere that accepts an address, an ENS name may be used instead, which can simplify code and make reading and debugging much simpler. Returns an EnsResolver instance which can be used to further inquire about specific entries for an ENS name.

If the name does not exist, or the forward lookup does not match, null is returned. An ENS name requries additional configuration to setup a reverse record, they are not automatically set up. Looks up the address of name. If the name is not owned, or does not have a Resolver configured, or the Resolver does not have an address configured, null is returned. Returns an object the provides the URL of the avatar and the linkage representing each stage in the avatar resolution.

If there is no avatar found or the owner of any NFT does not match the name owner , null is returned. Returns a Promise which resolves to any stored EIP content hash. Returns a Promise which resolves to any stored EIP text entry for key. Returns the Array of Log matching the filter. Keep in mind that many backends will discard old events, and that requests which are too broad may get dropped as they require too many resources to execute the query.

Returns the Network this Provider is connected to. Returns a best guess of the Gas Price to use in a transaction. Returns the current recommended FeeData to use in a transaction. For legacy transactions and networks which do not support EIP, the gasPrice should be used. Returns a Promise which will stall until the network has heen established, ignoring errors due to the target node not being active yet.

This can be used for testing or attaching scripts to wait until the node is up and running smoothly. Returns the result of executing the transaction , using call. A call does not require any ether, but cannot change any state.

This is useful for calling getters on Contracts. Returns an estimate of the amount of gas that would be required to submit transaction to the network. An estimate may not be accurate since there could be another transaction on the network that was not accounted for, but after being mined affected relevant state.

If a transaction has not been mined, this method will search the transaction pool. Various backends may have more restrictive transaction pool access e. To stall until the transaction has been mined, consider the waitForTransaction method below. Submits transaction to the network to be mined. The transaction must be signed, and be valid i. If confirms is 0, this method is non-blocking and if the transaction has not been mined returns null.

Otherwise, this method will block until the transaction has confirms blocks mined on top of the block in which is was mined. This closely follows the Event Emitter provided by other JavaScript libraries with the exception that event names support some more complex objects , not only strings. The objects are normalized internally. Add a listener to be triggered for each eventName event. Add a listener to be triggered for only the next eventName event , at which time it will be removed. Notify all listeners of the eventName event , passing args to each listener.

This is generally only used internally. Remove a listener for the eventName event. If no listener is provided, all listeners for eventName are removed. Remove all the listeners for the eventName events. If no eventName is provided, all events are removed. Returns the number of listeners for the eventName events.

If no eventName is provided, the total number of listeners is returned. Returns the list of Listeners for the eventName events. A filter is an object, representing a contract log Filter, which has the optional properties address the source contract and topics a topic-set to match. See EventFilters for more information on filtering events. This event is identical to a Log Filter with the address omitted i. This event is emitted on every block that is part of a chain that includes the given mined transaction.

It is much more common that the once method is used than the on method. Most Providers available in ethers are sub-classes of BaseProvider, which simplifies sub-classes, as it handles much of the event operations, such as polling and formatting. Indicates if the Provider is currently polling.

If there are no events to poll for or polling has been explicitly disabled, this will be false. If urlOrConnectionInfo is not specified, the default i. Please consult their documentation. The fully formed ConnectionInfo the Provider is connected to. If no addressOrIndex is provided, the first account account 0 is used. This can be used for backend-specific calls, such as for debugging or specific account management. Returns a new Signer object which does not perform additional checks when sending a transaction.

See getUncheckedSigner for more details. Sends the transaction and returns a Promise which resolves to the opaque transaction hash. For example, the gas price and gas limit may be adjusted by the node or the nonce automatically included, in which case the opaque transaction hash has discarded this. To remedy this, the JsonRpcSigner immediately queries the provider for the details using the returned transaction hash to populate the TransactionResponse object.

Some backends do not respond immediately and instead defer releasing the details of a transaction it was responsible for signing until it is mined. The UncheckedSigner does not populate any additional information and will immediately return the result as a mock TransactionResponse -like object, with most of the properties set to null, but allows access to the transaction hash quickly, if that is all that is required.

An ethers Provider will execute frequent getNetwork calls to ensure the network calls and network being communicated with are consistent. In the case of a client like MetaMask, this is desired as the network may be changed by the user at any time, in such cases the cost of checking the chainId is local and therefore cheap.

However, there are also many times where it is known the network cannot change, such as when connecting to an INFURA endpoint, in which case, the StaticJsonRpcProvider can be used which will indefinitely cache the chain ID, which can reduce network traffic and reduce round-trip queries for the chain ID.

This Provider should only be used when it is known the network cannot change. Many methods are less common or specific to certain Ethereum Node implementations e. Parity vs Geth. These include account and admin management, debugging, deeper block and transaction exploration and other services such as Swarm and Whisper. The jsonRpcProvider. Parity's Trace Module can be used to trace and debug EVM execution of a transaction requires custom configuration Geth's Debug Module can be used to debug transactions and internal cache state, etc.

These Providers allow connecting to them, which simplifies development, since you do not need to run your own instance or cluster of Ethereum nodes. However, this reliance on third-party services can reduce resilience, security and increase the amount of required trust. To mitigate these issues, it is recommended you use a Default Provider. Create a new EtherscanProvider connected to network with the optional apiKey.

The network may be specified as a string for a common network name, a number for a common chain ID or a [Network Object]provider- network. If no apiKey is provided, a shared API key will be used, which may result in reduced performance and throttled requests. It is highly recommended for production, you register with Etherscan for your own API key.

The apiKey can be a string Project ID or an object with the properties projectId and projectSecret to specify a Project Secret which can be used on non-public sources like on a server to further secure your API access and quotas. The network and apiKey are specified the same as the constructor. The network may be specified as a string for a common network name, a number for a common chain ID or a Network Object. It is highly recommended for production, you register with Alchemy for your own API key.

It is highly recommended for production, you register with Pocket for your own API key. It is highly recommended for production, you register with Ankr for your own API key. The FallbackProvider is the most advanced Provider available in ethers. It uses a quorum and connects to multiple Providers as backends, each configured with a priority and a weight.

When a request is made, the request is dispatched to multiple backends, randomly chosen lower-value priority backends are always selected first and the results from each are compared against the others. Only once the quorum has been reached will that result be accepted and returned to the caller.

The weight can be used to give a backend Provider more influence. Creates a new instance of a FallbackProvider connected to providers. If quorum is not specified, half of the total sum of the provider weights is used. The providers can be either an array of Provider or FallbackProviderConfig.

If a Provider is provided, the defaults are a priority of 1 and a weight of 1. The quorum the backend responses must agree upon before a result will be resolved. By default this is half the sum of the weights. The priority used for the provider. Lower-value priorities are favoured over higher-value priorities. If multiple providers share the same priority, they are chosen at random. The timeout in ms after which another Provider will be attempted. This does not affect the current Provider; if it returns a result it is counted as part of the quorum.

The weight a response from this provider provides. This can be used if a given Provider is more trusted, for example. This is only available in node. See any related notes on the documentation for the actual node implementation websites. This results in fewer connections and fewer requests, which may result in lower costs or faster responses, depending on your use case.

This class is intended to be sub-classed and not used directly. Sub-classes do not need to override this. Instead they should override the static method getUrl and optionally getApiKey. The value of the apiKey that was returned from InheritedClass. This function should examine the apiKey to ensure it is valid and return a possible modified value to use in getUrl. The Web3Provider is meant to ease moving from a web3.

This may also be used to wrap a standard EIP Provider. The result should be the actual result, which differs from the Web3. This follows the Web3. This is identical to sendAsync. Historically, this used a synchronous web request, but no current browsers support this, so its use this way was deprecated quite a long time ago.

The WebSocket API is newer, and if running your own infrastructure, note that WebSockets are much more intensive on your server resources, as they must manage and maintain the state for each client. For this reason, many services may also charge additional fees for using their WebSocket endpoints. Returns a new WebSocketProvider connected to url as the network. If network is unspecified, it will be queried from the network. The human-readable name of the network, such as homestead.

If the network name is unknown, this will be "unknown". A FeeData object encapsulates the necessary fee data required to send a transaction, based on the best available recommendations. The maxFeePerGas to use for a transaction. This is based on the most recent block's baseFee. The maxPriorityFeePerGas to use for a transaction. This accounts for the uncle risk and for the majority of current MEV risk. The maximum amount of gas that this block was permitted to use. This is a value that can be voted up or voted down by miners and is used to automatically adjust the bandwidth requirements of the network.

The coinbase address of this block, which indicates the address the miner that mined this block would like the subsidy reward to go to. Often only the hashes of the transactions included in a block are needed, so by default a block only contains this information, as it is substantially less data. If all transactions for a block are needed, this object instead includes the full details on each transaction.

Each entry represents an AND condition that must match, or may be null to match anything. If a given entry is an Array, then that entry is treated as an OR for any value in the entry. See Filters for more details and examples on specifying complex filters. During a re-org, if a transaction is orphaned, this will be set to true to indicate the Log entry has been removed; it will likely be emitted again in the near future when another block is mined with the transaction that triggered this log, but keep in mind the values may change.

A transaction request describes a transaction that is to be sent to the network or otherwise processed. The nonce for this transaction. This should be set to the number of transactions ever sent from this address. If left unspecified, ethers will use estimateGas to determine the value to use.

For transactions with unpredicatable gas estimates, this may be required to specify explicitly. The maximum price in wei per unit of gas this transaction will pay for the combined EIP block's base fee and this transaction's priority fee.

Most developers should leave this unspecified and use the default value that ethers determines from the network. This may not be specified for transactions with type set to 0 or if gasPrice is specified.. The price in wei per unit of gas this transaction will allow in addition to the EIP block's base fee to bribe miners into giving this transaction priority.

This may not be specified for transactions with type set to 0 or if gasPrice is specified. This can be dangerous and care should be taken, since it allows transactions to be replayed on networks that were possibly not intended. Intentionally-replayable transactions are also disabled by default on recent versions of Geth and require configuration to enable. The EIP type of this transaction envelope, or null for to use the network default. To force using a lagacy transaction without an envelope, use type 0.

A TransactionResponse includes all properties of a Transaction as well as several properties that are useful once it has been mined. The number "height" of the block this transaction was mined in. If the block has not been mined, this is null. The hash of the block this transaction was mined in.

The timestamp of the block this transaction was mined in. The number of blocks that have been mined including the initial block since this transaction was mined. The serialized transaction. This may be null as some backends do not rpopulate it. If this is required, it can be computed from a TransactionResponse object using this cookbook recipe. Resolves to the TransactionReceipt once the transaction has been included in the chain for confirms blocks.

If confirms is 0, and the transaction has not been mined, null is returned. If the transaction execution failed i. Transactions are replaced when the user uses an option in their client to send a new transaction from the same account with the original nonce. This is usually to speed up a transaction or to cancel one, by bribing miners with additional fees to prefer the new transaction over the original one.

The EIP type of this transaction. If the transaction is a legacy transaction without an envelope, it will have the type 0. The AccessList included, or null for transaction types which do not support access lists. The address this transaction is to. This is null if the transaction was an init transaction , used to deploy a contract. If this transaction has a null to address, it is an init transaction used to deploy a contract, in which case this is the address created by that contract.

To compute a contract address, the getContractAddress utility function can also be used with a TransactionResponse object, which requires the transaction nonce and the address of the sender. The index of this transaction in the list of transactions included in the block this transaction was mined in. Only transactions included in blocks before the Byzantium Hard Fork have this property, as it was replaced by the status property.

The property is generally of little use to developers. At the time it could be used to verify a state transition with a fraud-proof only considering the single transaction; without it the full block must be considered. Prior to EIP or on chains that do not support it, this value will simply be equal to the transaction gasPrice. A bloom-filter , which includes all the addresses and topics included in any log in this transaction. The number of blocks that have been mined since this transaction, including the actual block it was mined in.

For the block this transaction was included in, this is the sum of the gas used by each transaction in the ordered list of transactions up to and including this transaction. This is true if the block is in a post-Byzantium Hard Fork block. The status of a transaction is 1 is successful or 0 if it was reverted.

Only transactions included in blocks post-Byzantium Hard Fork have this property. An Access List is optional an includes a list of addresses and storage slots for that address which should be warmed or pre-fetched for use within the execution of this transaction. A warmed value has an additional upfront cost to access, but is discounted throughout the code execution for reading and writing. A looser description of an AccessList , which will be converted internally using accessListify.

When using the object form the last option , the addresses and storage slots will be sorted. If an explicit order for the access list is required, one of the other forms must be used. Most developers do not require explicit order. This incurs an increased intrinsic cost for the transaction, but provides discounts for storage and state access throughout the execution of the transaction.

A Signer in ethers is an abstraction of an Ethereum Account, which can be used to sign messages and transactions and send signed transactions to the Ethereum Network to execute state changing operations. For example, a Signer from MetaMask can send transactions and sign messages but cannot sign a transaction without broadcasting it. Wallet , which is a class which knows its private key and can execute any operations with it JsonRpcSigner , which is connected to a JsonRpcProvider or sub-class and is acquired using getSigner.

Sub-classes must implement this, however they may simply throw an error if changing providers is not supported. This is a Promise so that a Signer can be designed around an asynchronous source, such as hardware wallets. Returns the number of transactions this account has ever sent. This is the value required to be included in transactions as the nonce.

Returns the result of calling using the transactionRequest , with this account address being used as the from field. Returns the result of estimating the cost to send the transactionRequest , with this account address being used as the from field. This returns a Promise which resolves to the Raw Signature of message.

If recovering the address in Solidity, this prefix will be required to create a matching hash. Sub-classes must implement this, however they may throw if signing a message is not supported, such as in a Contract-based Wallet or Meta-Transaction-based Wallet. If message is a string, it is treated as a string and converted to its representation in UTF8 bytes.

If and only if a message is a Bytes will it be treated as binary data. For example, the string "0x" is 6 characters long and in this case 6 bytes long. This is not equivalent to the array [ 0x12, 0x34 ] , which is 2 bytes long.

A common case is to sign a hash. In this case, if the hash is a string, it must be converted to an array first, using the arrayify utility function. Returns a Promise which resolves to the signed transaction of the transactionRequest. This method does not populate any missing fields. Sub-classes must implement this, however they may throw if signing a transaction is not supported, which is common for security reasons in many clients.

This method populates the transactionRequest with missing fields, using populateTransaction and returns a Promise which resolves to the transaction. Sub-classes must implement this, however they may throw if sending a transaction is not supported, such as the VoidSigner or if the Wallet is offline and not connected to a Provider. Signs the typed data value with types data structure for domain using the EIP specification. This is still an experimental feature.

If using it, please specify the exact version of ethers you are using e. It is very important that all important properties of a Signer are immutable. Since Ethereum is very asynchronous and deals with critical data such as ether and other potentially valuable crypto assets , keeping properties such as the provider and address static throughout the life-cycle of the Signer helps prevent serious issues and many other classes and libraries make this assumption.

This is generally not required to be overridden, but may be needed to provide custom behaviour in sub-classes. This should return a copy of the transactionRequest , with any properties needed by call , estimateGas and populateTransaction which is used by sendTransaction.

It should also throw an error if any unknown key is specified. The default implementation checks only if valid TransactionRequest properties exist and adds from to the transaction if it does not exist. If there is a from field it must be verified to be equal to the Signer's address. This should return a copy of transactionRequest , follow the same procedure as checkTransaction and fill in any properties required for sending a transaction.

The result should have all promises resolved; if needed the resolveProperties utility function can be used for this. The default implementation calls checkTransaction and resolves to if it is an ENS name, adds gasPrice , nonce , gasLimit and chainId based on the related operations on Signer. Create a new Wallet instance for privateKey and optionally connected to the provider. Returns a new Wallet with a random private key, generated from cryptographically secure entropy sources. If the current environment does not have a secure entropy source, an error is thrown.

If progress is provided it will be called during decryption with a value between 0 and 1 indicating the progress towards completion. This operation will operate synchronously which will lock up the user interface, possibly for a non-trivial duration. Most applications should use the asynchronous fromEncryptedJson instead. If path is not specified, the Ethereum default path is used i.

The provider this wallet is connected to, which will be used for any Blockchain Methods methods. This can be null. A Wallet instance is immutable, so if you wish to change the Provider, you may use the connect method to create a new instance connected to the desired provider. It is useful as a read-only signer, when an API requires a Signer as a parameter, but it is known only read-only operations will be carried.

For example, the call operation will automatically have the provided address passed along during the execution. This is an interface which contains a minimal set of properties required for Externally Owned Accounts which can have certain operations performed, such as encoding as a JSON wallet. The account HD mnemonic, if it has one and can be determined.

Some sources do not encode the mnemonic, such as HD extended keys. It allows for a simple way to serialize calls and transactions to an on-chain contract and deserialize their results and emitted logs. A ContractFactory is an abstraction of a contract's bytecode and facilitates deploying a contract.

A Contract may be sent transactions, which will trigger its code to be run with the input of the transaction data. Returns a new instance of the Contract attached to a new address. This is useful if there are multiple similar or identical copies of a Contract on the network and you wish to interact with each of them.

By passing in a Provider , this will return a downgraded Contract which only has read-only access i. By passing in a Signer. This is a promise that will resolve to the address the Contract object is attached to. If an Address was provided to the constructor, it will be equal to this; if an ENS name was provided, this will be the resolved address.

If the Contract object is the result of a ContractFactory deployment, this is the transaction which was used to deploy the contract. If a provider was provided to the constructor, this is that provider. If a signer was provided that had a Provider , this is that provider. Return the number of listeners that are subscribed to event. If no event is provided, returns the total count of all events. Unsubscribe all listeners for event.

If no event is provided, all events are unsubscribed. A Meta-Class is a Class which has any of its properties determined at run-time. The Contract object uses a Contract's ABI to determine what methods are available, so the following sections describe the generic ways to interact with the properties added at run-time during the Contract constructor.

A constant method denoted by pure or view in Solidity is read-only and evaluates a small amount of EVM code against the current blockchain state and can be computed by asking a single node, which can return a result. It is therefore free and does not require any ether, but cannot make changes to the blockchain state.. The type of the result depends on the ABI. If the method returns a single value, it will be returned directly, otherwise a Result object will be returned with each parameter available positionally and if the parameter is named, it will also be available by its name.

For values that have a simple meaning in JavaScript, the types are fairly straightforward; strings and booleans are returned as JavaScript strings and booleans. For numbers, if the type is in the JavaScript safe range i. Otherwise a BigNumber is returned. For bytes both fixed length and dynamic , a DataHexString is returned. The result will always be a Result , even if there is only a single return value type. This simplifies frameworks which wish to use the Contract object, since they do not need to inspect the return types to unwrap simplified functions.

Another use for this method is for error recovery. For example, if a function result is an invalid UTF-8 string, the normal call using the above meta-class function will throw an exception. This allows using the Result access error to access the low-level bytes and reason for the error allowing an alternate UTF-8 error strategy to be used.

A non-constant method requires a transaction to be signed and requires payment in the form of a fee to be paid to a miner. This transaction will be verified by every node on the entire network as well by the miner who will compute the new state of the blockchain after executing it against the current state. It cannot return a result. If a result is required, it should be logged using a Solidity event or EVM log , which can then be queried from the transaction receipt. Returns a TransactionResponse for the transaction after it is sent to the network.

This requires the Contract has a signer. If the wait method on the returned TransactionResponse is called, there will be additional properties on the receipt:. There are several options to analyze properties and results of a write method without actually executing it. Rather than executing the state-change of a transaction, it is possible to ask a node to pretend that a call is not state-changing and return the result.

This does not actually change any state, but is free. This in some cases can be used to determine if a transaction will fail or succeed. This otherwise functions the same as a Read-Only Method. An event filter is made up of topics, which are values logged in a Bloom Filter , allowing efficient searching for entries which match a filter.

Only indexed event parameters may be filtered. If a parameter is null or not provided then any value in that field matches. To deploy a Contract , additional information is needed that is not available on a Contract object itself.

The Contract Factory sends a special type of transaction, an initcode transaction i. Creates a new instance of a ContractFactory for the contract described by the interface and bytecode initcode. Consumes the output of the Solidity compiler, extracting the ABI and bytecode from it, allowing for the various formats the solc compiler has emitted over its life. Returns a new instance of the ContractFactory with the same interface and bytecode , but with a different signer.

The Signer if any this ContractFactory will use to deploy instances of the Contract to the Blockchain. Return an instance of a Contract attached to address. This is the same as using the Contract constructor with address and this the interface and signerOrProvider passed in when creating the ContractFactory. Returns the unsigned transaction which would deploy this Contract with args passed to the Contract's constructor. If the optional overrides is specified, they can be used to override the endowment value , transaction nonce , gasLimit or gasPrice.

Uses the signer to deploy the Contract with args passed into the constructor and returns a Contract which is attached to the address where this contract will be deployed once the transaction is mined. The transaction can be found at contract. A meta-class is a class which is defined at run-time. This description is passed the the Contract object at run-time, and it creates a new Class, adding all the methods defined in the ABI at run-time. Most often, any contract you will need to interact with will already be deployed to the blockchain, but for this example will will first deploy the contract.

Create a new ContractFactory which can deploy a contract to the blockchain. Creating a new instance of a Contract connects to an existing contract by specifying its address on the blockchain, its abi used to populate the class' methods a providerOrSigner. If a Provider is given, the contract has only read-only access, while a Signer offers access to state manipulating methods.

See Meta-Class Filters for examples using events. Returns the number of decimal places used by this ERC token. This can be used with parseUnits when taking input from the user or [formatUnits] utils-formatunits] when displaying the token amounts in the UI. Transfers amount tokens to target from the current signer. The return value a boolean is inaccessible during a write operation using a transaction. Other techniques such as events are required if this value is required.

On-chain contracts calling the transfer function have access to this result, which is why it is possible. Performs a dry-run of transferring amount tokens to target from the current signer, without actually signing or sending a transaction. Returns an estimate for how many units of gas would be required to transfer amount tokens to target. Returns an UnsignedTransaction which could be signed and submitted to the network to transaction amount tokens to target. When you perform a static call, the current state is taken into account as best as Ethereum can determine.

There are many cases where this can provide false positives and false negatives. The eventually consistent model of the blockchain also means there are certain consistency modes that cannot be known until an actual transaction is attempted. If fromAddress is null or not provided, then any from address matches. If toAddress is null or not provided, then any to address matches.

These utilities are used extensively within the library, but are also quite useful for application developers. An Interface helps organize Fragments by type as well as provides the functionality required to encode, decode and work with each component.

Most developers will not require this low-level access to encoding and decoding the binary data on the network and will most likely use a Contract which provides a more convenient interface. Some framework, tool developers or developers using advanced techniques may find these classes and utilities useful.

The AbiCoder is a collection of Coders which can be used to encode and decode the binary data formats used to interoperate between the EVM and higher level libraries. Most developers will never need to use this class directly, since the Interface class greatly simplifies these operations. For the most part, there should never be a need to manually create an instance of an AbiCoder , since one is created with the default coercion function when the library is loaded which can be used universally.

This is likely only needed by those with specific needs to override how values are coerced after they are decoded from their binary format. Create a new AbiCoder instance, which will call the coerceFunc on every decode, where the result of the call will be used in the Result. If the callback throws, the Result will contain a property that when accessed will throw, allowing for higher level libraries to recover from data errors.

An AbiCoder created when the library is imported which is used by the Interface. Encode the array values according to the array of types , each of which may be a string or a ParamType. Decode the data according to the array of types , each of which may be a string or ParamType. There are several formats available to specify an ABI for a Smart Contract, which specifies to the under-lying library what methods, events and errors exist so that encoding and decoding the data from and to the network can be handled by the library.

The Human-Readable ABI was introduced early by ethers , which allows for a Solidity signatures to be used to describe each method, event and error. It is important to note that a Solidity signature fully describes all the properties the ABI requires:. This allows for a simple format which is both machine-readable since the parser is a machine and human-readable at least developer-readable , as well as simple for humans to type and inline into code, which improves code readability.

Signatures may be minimally specified i. Several modifiers available in Solidity are dropped internally, as they are not required for the ABI and used old by Solidity's semantic checking system, such as input parameter data location like "calldata" and "memory". As such, they can be safely dropped in the ABI as well. For the full specification, see the Solidity compiler documentation. Various versions include slightly different keys and values.

For example, early compilers included only a boolean "constant" to indicate mutability, while newer versions include a string "mutabilityState" , which encompasses several older properties. All properties will be populated, so it will match the equivalent created using a Human-Readable ABI fragment. The output from parsing using JSON. The Fragment object makes it simple to reformat a single method, event or error, however most developers will be interested in converting an entire ABI.

For production code it is recommended to inline the Human-Readable ABI as it makes it easy to see at a glance which methods, events and errors are available. It is also highly recommend to strip out unused parts of the ABI such as admin methods to further reduce code size. The ABI is described by using an array of strings, where each string is the Solidity signature of the constructor , function , event or error.

When parsing a fragment, all inferred properties will be injected e. Tuples can be specified by using the tuple Each Fragment and ParamType may be output using its format method. This is a full human-readable string, including all parameter names, any optional modifiers e. This is similar to full , except with no unnecessary whitespace or parameter names. This is a minimal output format, which is used by Solidity when computing a signature hash or an event topic hash. The sighash format is insufficient to re-create the original Fragment , since it discards modifiers such as indexed, anonymous, stateMutability, etc.

It is only useful for computing the selector for a Fragment, and cannot be used to format an Interface. This is the name of the Event or Function. This will be null for a ConstructorFragment. This is a string which indicates the type of the Fragment. This will be one of:. Creates a string representation of the Fragment using the available output formats. This is whether the constructor may receive ether during deployment as an endowment i.

This is whether the event is anonymous. An anonymous Event does not inject its topic hash as topic0 when creating a log. This is whether the function is constant i. This is true if the state mutability is pure or view. The local parameter name. This may be null for unnamed parameters.

For example, the parameter definition string foobar would be foobar. The full type of the parameter, including tuple and array symbols. For the above example, this would be foobar. The base type of the parameter. For primitive types e. For arrays, it will be the string array and for a tuple, it will be the string tuple.

Whether the parameter has been marked as indexed. This only applies to parameters which are part of an EventFragment. The length of the array, or -1 for dynamic-length arrays. This is null for parameters which are not arrays. The Interface Class abstracts the encoding and decoding required to interact with contracts on the Ethereum network. Many of the standards organically evolved along side the Solidity language, which other languages have adopted to remain compatible with existing deployed contracts.

It is simply an agreed upon set of formats to encode various types of data which each contract can expect so they can interoperate with each other. The abi may also be a Human-Readable Abi , which is a format the Ethers created to simplify manually typing the ABI into the source and so that a Contract ABI can also be referenced easily within the same source file.

All the Error Fragments in the interface. All the Event Fragments in the interface. All the Function Fragments in the interface. The Constructor Fragments for the interface. Return the formatted Interface. If the format type is json a single string is returned, otherwise an Array of the human-readable strings is returned. Returns the FunctionFragment for fragment see Specifying Fragments.

Returns the ErrorFragment for fragment see Specifying Fragments. Returns the EventFragment for fragment see Specifying Fragments. Return the sighash or Function Selector for fragment see Specifying Fragments. Return the topic hash for fragment see Specifying Fragments. Return the encoded deployment data, which can be concatenated to the deployment bytecode of a contract to pass values into the contract constructor.

Returns the encoded error result, which would normally be the response from a reverted call for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given values. Returns the encoded topic filter, which can be passed to getLogs for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given values. Each topic is a 32 byte 64 nibble DataHexString.

Returns the encoded data, which can be used as the data for a transaction for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given values. Returns the encoded result, which would normally be the response from a call for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given values.

Returns the decoded values from the result of a call during a revert for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given data. Most developers won't need this, as the decodeFunctionResult will automatically decode errors if the data represents a revert. Returns the decoded event values from an event log for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given data with the optional topics.

Most develoeprs will find the parsing methods more convenient for decoding event data, as they will automatically detect the matching event. Returns the decoded values from transaction data for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given data.

Most developers will not need this method, but may be useful for debugging or inspecting transactions. Most develoeprs will also find the parsing methods more convenient for decoding transation data, as they will automatically detect the matching function. Returns the decoded values from the result of a call for fragment see Specifying Fragments for the given data.

The functions are generally the most useful for most developers. They will automatically search the ABI for a matching Event or Function and decode the components as a fully specified description. Search for the function that matches the transaction data sighash and parse the transaction properties. Additionally, if values are named, the identical object as its positional value can be accessed by its name.

If there is a name collision, only the first is available by its key. The ErrorFragment which matches the selector in the data. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website.

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